upcScavenger
»
Alveolar Consonants
»
Wiki: Voiced Dental, Alveolar And Postalveolar Lateral Approximants
The voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral approximants are a type of sound used in many Speech . The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents Dental consonant, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral approximants is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is l.
As a sonorant, lateral approximants are nearly always voiced. Voiceless lateral approximants, are common in Sino-Tibetan languages, but uncommon elsewhere. In such cases, voicing typically starts about halfway through the hold of the consonant. No language is known to contrast such a sound with a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative .
In a number of languages, including most varieties of English, the phoneme becomes Velarization ("dark l") in certain contexts. By contrast, the non-velarized form is the "clear l" (also known as: "light l"), which occurs before and between vowels in certain English standards. Some languages have only clear l. Others may not have a clear l at all, or have them only before (especially ).
Features
- There are four specific variants of :
- Dental consonant, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical consonant and laminal.
- Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
- Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
Occurrence
Dental or denti-alveolar
| Arabic | Gulf Arabic | لـين/ | 'when' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Arabic phonology | |
| Chinese language | Cantonese | 蘭/ | l̪an˨˩ | 'orchid' | |
| Mandarin Chinese | 蘭/ | l̪an˨˥ | |||
| Hungarian | e lem | 'battery' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Hungarian phonology | ||
| Italian language | Italian alphabet]] | 'much, a lot' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of before . See Italian phonology | ||
| Macedonian | лево/ | 'left' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Macedonian phonology | ||
| Malayalam | ലാവണം | 'Salty' | See Malayalam phonology | ||
| Mapuche language | ḻafkeṉ | 'sea, lake' | Interdental. | ||
| Norwegian | Urban East | an legg | 'plant (industrial)' | Allophone of after . See Norwegian phonology | |
| Spanish language | a ltar | 'altar' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of before . See Spanish phonology | ||
| Swedish language | Central Standard | Swedish alphabet]] | 'everything' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Swedish phonology | |
| Tamil language | Tamil script]]/ | 'tiger' | See Tamil phonology | ||
| Uzbek language | Uzbek alphabet]] | 'future' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Velarized between a non-front rounded vowel and a consonant or juncture phoneme. | ||
| Vietnamese | Hanoi | lửa | 'fire' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
Alveolar
| Arabic language | Standard | rtl=yes/ | 'no' | See Arabic phonology | |
| Armenian | Eastern Armenian | լուսին/ | 'moon' | ||
| Assyrian | ܠܚܡܐ/ | 'bread' | |||
| Catalan language | laca | 'hair spray' | Apical 'front alveolar'. May also be velarized. See Catalan phonology | ||
| 'city' | |||||
| Dutch language | Standard | laten | 'to let' | Laminal. Some Standard Flemish dialects speakers use the clear in all positions. See Dutch phonology | |
| Some Eastern accents | ma l | 'mold' | Laminal; realization of in all positions. See Dutch phonology | ||
| Dhivehi | Thaana]]/ lava | 'song' | |||
| English language | Most accents | let | 'to let' | Varies between apical and laminal, with the latter being predominant. | |
| Hiberno-English, Geordie | te ll | 'to tell' | |||
| Esperanto | luno | 'moon' | See Esperanto phonology | ||
| Filipino | luto | 'to cook' | See Filipino phonology | ||
| Georgian | Georgian scripts/ leksi | 'verse/poetry' | See Georgian phonology | ||
| Georgian scripts/rbi li | 'soft' | ||||
| Greek language | λέξη/ | 'word' | See Modern Greek phonology | ||
| Hebrew language | לי לה/ lai la | 'night' | See Modern Hebrew phonology. | ||
| Italian language | Italian alphabet]] | 'bed' | Apical. See Italian phonology | ||
| Japanese | Kanji]]/ | 'six' | Apical. More commonly . See Japanese phonology | ||
| Kashubian | This is an example. | ||||
| Khmer language | Khmer script]]/ | 'music' | See Khmer phonology | ||
| Korean language | Hangul]]/ | 'one' or 'work' | Realized as alveolar tap ɾ in the beginning of a syllable. See Korean phonology. | ||
| Kyrgyz language | Kyrgyz alphabet]]/ | 'butterfly' | Velarized in back vowel contexts. See Kyrgyz phonology | ||
| Laghu language | laghu | 'Laghu language' | |||
| Laghuu language | Nậm Sài, Sa Pa Town | 'Laghuu language' | |||
| Mapuche language | e lun | 'to give' | |||
| Nepali language | लामो | 'long' | See Nepali phonology | ||
| Odia language | Odia script]] | 'good' | |||
| Persian language | rtl=yes/ | 'llama' | See Persian phonology | ||
| Polish language | po le | 'field' | Contrasts with () for a small number of speakers. When it does, it might be palatalized to . See Polish phonology | ||
| Romanian | a lună | 'hazelnut' | Apical consonant. See Romanian phonology | ||
| Scottish Gaelic | mao il | 'headland' | Apical consonant. Contrasts with and . See Scottish Gaelic phonology | ||
| Slovak language | Slovak alphabet]] | 'silent' | Syllabic form can be long or short. See Slovak phonology | ||
| Slovene language | leta lo | 'airplane' | See Slovene phonology | ||
| Spanish language | hab lar | 'to speak' | See Spanish phonology | ||
| Welsh language | diafo l | djavɔl | 'devil' | See Welsh phonology | |
| Ukrainian | об личчя/ | 'face' | Contrasts with palatalized form. See Ukrainian phonology | ||
Postalveolar
| Igbo language | Standard | lì | 'bury' | ||
| Italian language | Italian alphabet]] | 'the deer' | Palatalized laminal; allophone of before . See Italian phonology | ||
| Turkish language | Turkish alphabet]] | 'tulip' | Palatalized; contrasts with a velarized dental lateral . May be devoiced elsewhere. See Turkish phonology | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan | lan | 'soot' | ||
Variable
| Faroese language | linur | 'soft' | Varies between dental and alveolar in initial position, whereas the postvocalic may be postalveolar, especially after back vowels. See Faroese phonology | |||
| French language | i l | 'he' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar, with the latter being predominant. See French phonology | |||
| German language | Standard German | Liebe | 'love' | Varies between denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar. | ||
| Norwegian | Urban East | liv | 'life' | In process of changing from laminal denti-alveolar to apical alveolar, but the laminal denti-alveolar is still possible in some environments, and is obligatory after . See Norwegian phonology | ||
| Portuguese | Most Brazilian dialects, Depalatalization and consequential iotization in the speech of Fortaleza . Page 2. Accenti romanze: Portogallo e Brasile (portoghese) – The influence of foreign accents on Italian language acquisition some EP speakers | lero- lero | 'runaround' Runaround generator | Clear, dental to sometimes alveolar. Only occurs in syllable onset, with l-vocalization widely occurring in coda. Sometimes found before front vowels only in the European variety. See Portuguese phonology. | ||
| Lituânia | 'Lithuania' | |||||
Velarized or pharyngealized alveolar lateral approximant
If the sound is dental or denti-alveolar, one could use a dental consonant diacritic to indicate so: , , .
Velarization and pharyngealization are generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants, so dark l tends to be dental or denti-alveolar. Clear (non-velarized) l tends to be retracted to an alveolar position.
The term dark l is often synonymous with hard l, especially in Slavic languages. (s)
Features
- There are four specific variants of :
- Dental consonant, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth.
- Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
- Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or, more rarely, the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical consonant and laminal.
- Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- It has a secondary articulation of velarization or pharyngealization, meaning that the back or root of the tongue approaches the soft palate (velum), or the back of the throat, respectively.
Occurrence
Dental or denti-alveolar
| Bashkir language | ҡа ла/ | 'city' | Velarized dental lateral; occurs in back vowel contexts. | ||
| Belarusian | Бе ларусь/ | 'Belarus' | Laminal denti-alveolar; contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology | ||
| BulgarianBulgarian phonology | сто л/ | 'chair' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Bulgarian phonology | ||
| a lt | 'tall' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of before . See Catalan phonology | |||
| խա ղեր/ | 'games' | in modern Armenian. | |||
| Icelandic | si gldi | 'sailed' | Laminal denti-alveolar; rare. See Icelandic phonology | ||
| Kashubian | Older southeastern speakers | kôłbasa | Laminal denti-alveolar; realized as by other speakers. | ||
| Lithuanian | labas | 'hi' | Laminal denti-alveolar; contrasts with palatalized form. See Lithuanian phonology | ||
| Macedonian | лук/ | 'garlic' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Present only before back vowels () and syllable-finally. See Macedonian phonology | ||
| Norwegian | Urban East | ta le | 'speech' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of after , and sometimes also after . However, according to , this allophone is not velarized., cited in See Norwegian phonology | |
| Polish language | Eastern dialects | łapa | 'paw' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Corresponds to in other varieties. See Polish phonology | |
| Russian language | ма лый/ | 'small' | Pharyngealized laminal denti-alveolar. See Russian phonology | ||
| Scottish Gaelic | Ma llaig | 'Mallaig' | Apical dental, occasionally laminal. In certain dialects manifests as or . Contrasts with and . See Scottish Gaelic phonology | ||
| Swedish language | Northern Västerbotten | ''ka ll | 'cold' | Allophone of /lː/ | |
| Turkish language | Turkish alphabet]] | 'servant' | Laminal denti-alveolar; contrasts with a palatalized postalveolar lateral . May be devoiced elsewhere. See Turkish phonology | ||
Alveolar
| Afrikaans | Standard | tafe l | 'table' | Velarized in all positions, especially non-prevocalically. See Afrikaans phonology | |
| Albanian | Standard | llu llë | 'smoking pipe' | ||
| Arabic language | Standard | rtl=yes/ | 'God' | Also transcribed as . Many accents and dialects lack the sound and instead pronounce . See Arabic phonology | |
| Catalan language | Eastern dialects | ce l·la | 'cell' | Apical. Can be always dark in many dialects. See Catalan phonology | |
| Western dialects | a l | 'to the' | |||
| Dutch language | Standard | ma llen | 'molds' | Laminal; pharyngealized in northern accents, velarized or post-palatalised in southern accents. It is an allophone of before consonants and pauses, and also prevocalically when after the open back vowels . Many northern speakers realize the final as a strongly pharyngealised vocoid , whereas some Standard Belgian Dutch speakers use the clear in all positions. See Dutch phonology | |
| Some Netherlandic accents | laten | 'to let' | Pharyngealized laminal; realization of in all positions. See Dutch phonology | ||
| English language | Australian | fee l | 'feel' | Most often apical; can be always dark in Australia and New Zealand. See Australian English phonology, New Zealand English phonology, and English phonology | |
| Canadian English | |||||
| Irish English | |||||
| General American | |||||
| New Zealand | |||||
| Received Pronunciation | |||||
| South African | |||||
| Scottish English | loch | 'loch' | Can be always dark except in some borrowings from Scottish Gaelic | ||
| Greek language | Greek alphabet]]/ | 'ball' | Allophone of before . See Modern Greek phonology | ||
| Georgian | Georgian scripts]]/ | ˈʒo̞ɫo̞ | 'raspberry' | An allophone of /l/ before /o u/ and /a/. See Georgian phonology | |
| Sorani | gâ lta | 'joke' | See Kurdish phonology | ||
| Romanian | Bessarabian dialect | ca l | 'horse' | Corresponds to non-velarized in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | лак/ lak | 'easy' | Apical; may be syllabic; contrasts with . See Serbo-Croatian phonology | ||
| Uzbek language | This is an example. | Apical; between a non-front rounded vowel and a consonant or juncture phoneme. Non-velarized denti-alveolar elsewhere. | |||
Variable
See also
- Index of phonetics articles
- Lateral consonant
- Velarization
- l-vocalization
- Ł
Notes
External links
|
|
